Gender & Age Related Morphometric Assessment of Hyoid Bone Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background:
Age and gender determination are fundamental components of forensic identification. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) enables three-dimensional, accurate, and non-invasive evaluation of the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone, owing to its unique anatomical position, developmental pattern, and resistance to post-mortem destruction, serves as a valuable skeletal element in forensic and anthropological investigations.

Objectives:
To determine the age-related morphological changes in the hyoid bone using CBCT scans and to establish sexual dimorphism in hyoid bone by evaluating different morphometric parameters.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed on 300 CBCT scans of individuals aged 16–99 years. Statistical analysis was carried out using Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare gender differences, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was applied to assess the relationship between fusion stage and chronological age.

Results: The mean age of bilateral fusion was approximately 53 years in both males and females. All linear morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone were significantly greater in males compared to females (p < 0.05), indicating marked sexual dimorphism. Angular measurements showed minimal variation between sexes. A statistically significant positive correlation was noted between complete fusion with advancing age.

Conclusion: CBCT is important non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating hyoid bone morphology and fusion status, and may serve as a useful adjunct in forensic age and sex estimation when combined with other skeletal indicators