The Effect of Lower-Limb Plyometric Training on Agility and Balance in Male Indonesian Military Personnel: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Intensive activity during military training may increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the lower extremities, potentially affecting performance. Agility and balance are essential for postural stability and controlled movements during military tasks. Lower-limb plyometric training may improve neuromuscular coordination, explosive strength, and postural control. This study aimed to determine the effect of lower-limb plyometric training on agility and balance in Indonesian military personnel. A randomized controlled trial with baseline and follow-up assessments was conducted at the Naval Education and Training Command in Surabaya, Indonesia, from June to August 2025. Twenty-eight military personnel aged 18–24 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 14), which performed lower-limb plyometric training twice weekly for six weeks, or a control group (n = 14), which received no intervention. Agility and dynamic balance were assessed using the Modified Agility T-Test and Y-Balance Test, respectively. Plyometric training significantly improved agility and dynamic balance. Modified Agility T-Test time decreased from 8.55 ± 0.70 to 7.35 ± 0.39 s (p < 0.001; ES = 0.779). Y-Balance Test composite reach length increased from 0.73 ± 0.06 to 0.82 ± 0.04 for the right leg (p < 0.001; ES = 0.390) and from 0.72 ± 0.06 to 0.81 ± 0.02 for the left leg (p < 0.001; ES = 0.511). These findings indicate that six weeks of lower-limb plyometric training can improve agility and dynamic balance in Indonesian military personnel. The intervention was well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects, and can be implemented without equipment.